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The term domain name has
multiple related meanings:
A hostname that identifies a computer or computers on the Internet.
These names appear as a component of a Web site's URL, e.g.
jtdomainnames.com
Registered domain names, which are obtained from domain name
registrars.
Names used for other purposes in the Domain Name System (DNS), for
example the special name which follows the @ sign in an email
address, or the Top-level domain names like .com, or the names used
by the Session Initiation Protocol (VoIP), or DomainKeys.
This article primarily discusses registered domain names. See the
Domain Name System article for technical discussions about general
domain names and the hostname article for further information about
the most common type of domain name.
The main purpose of a domain name is to provide a recognizable names
to mostly numerically addressed Internet resources. This abstraction
allows any resource (e.g., website) to be moved to a different
physical location in the address topology of the network, globally
or locally in an intranet, in effect changing the IP address.
Registered domain names are restricted to using the same characters
as all other hostnames, as such they typically can only use ASCII
letters, numbers, the hyphen (-), with the dot (.) used to separate
DNS labels. Since this definition does not allow the use of many
characters commonly found in non-English languages, and no
multi-byte characters necessary for most Asian languages, the
Internationalized domain name (IDN) system has been developed and is
now in testing stage with a set of top-level domains established for
this purpose.
The underscore character is frequently used to ensure that a domain
name is not recognized as a hostname, as with the use of SRV
records, for example, although some older systems such as NetBIOS
did allow it. To avoid confusion and for other reasons, domain names
with underscores in them are sometimes used where hostnames are
required.
Domain names are often referred to simply as domains and domain name
registrants are frequently referred to as domain owners, although
domain name registration with a registrar does not confer any legal
ownership of the name, only an exclusive right of use.
The following example illustrates the difference between a URL
(Uniform Resource Locator) and a domain name:
URL: http://www.example.net/index.html
Domain name: www.example.net
Registered domain name: example.net
As a general rule, the IP address and the server name are
interchangeable. For most Internet services, the server will not
have any way to know which was used. However, the explosion of
interest in the Web means that there are far more Web sites than
servers. To accommodate this, the hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP)
specifies that the client tells the server which name is being used.
This way, one server with one IP address can provide different sites
for different domain names. This feature goes under the name virtual
hosting and is commonly used by web hosts.
For example, as referenced in RFC 2606 (Reserved Top Level DNS
Names), the server at IP address 208.77.188.166 handles all of the
following sites:
example.com
www.example.com
example.net
www.example.net
example.org
www.example.org
When a request is made, the data corresponding to the hostname
requested is provided to the user.
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